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Eukaryotic cells intrinsically change their shape, by changing thecomposition of their membrane and by restructuring their underlyingcytoskeleton. We present here further studies and extensions of a minimalphysical model, describing a closed vesicle with mobile curved membrane proteincomplexes. The cytoskeletal forces describe the protrusive force due to actinpolymerization which is recruited to the membrane by the curved proteincomplexes. We characterize the phase diagrams of this model, as function of themagnitude of the active forces, nearest-neighbor protein interactions and theproteins' spontaneous curvature. It was previously shown that this model canexplain the formation of lamellipodia-like flat protrusions, and here weexplore the regimes where the model can also give rise to filopodia-liketubular protrusions. We extend the simulation with curved components of bothconvex and concave species, where we find the formation of complex ruffledclusters, as well as internalized invaginations that resemble the process ofendocytosis and macropinocytosis. We alter the force model representing thecytoskeleton to simulate the effects of bundled instead of branched structure,resulting in shapes which resemble filopodia.

Theoretical model of membrane protrusions driven by curved active proteins