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Software obfuscation techniques can prevent binary diffing techniques fromlocating vulnerable code by obfuscating the third-party code, to achieve thepurpose of protecting embedded device software. With the rapid development ofbinary diffing techniques, they can achieve more and more accurate functionmatching and identification by extracting the features within the function.This makes existing software obfuscation techniques, which mainly focus on theintra-procedural code obfuscation, no longer effective.  In this paper, we propose a new inter-procedural code obfuscation mechanismKhaos, which moves the code across functions to obfuscate the function by usingcompilation optimizations. Two obfuscation primitives are proposed to separateand aggregate the function, which are called fission and fusion respectively. Aprototype of Khaos is implemented based on the LLVM compiler and evaluated on alarge number of real-world programs including SPEC CPU 2006 & 2017, CoreUtils,JavaScript engines, etc. Experimental results show that Khaos outperformsexisting code obfuscations and can significantly reduce the accuracy rates offive state-of-the-art binary diffing techniques (less than 19%) with lowerruntime overhead (less than 7%).

Khaos: The Impact of Inter-procedural Code Obfuscation on Binary Diffing Techniques