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We experimentally investigate the role of illumination on the collectivedynamics of a large school (ca. 50 individuals) of Hemigrammus rhodostomus. Thestructure of the group, defined using two order parameters, is quantified whileprogressively altering the visual range of the fish through controlled cyclesof ambient light intensity. We show that, at low light levels, the individualswithin the group are unable to form a cohesive group, while at higherilluminance the degree of alignment of the school correlates with the lightintensity. When increasing the illuminance, the school structure issuccessively characterized by a polarized state followed by a highly regularand stable rotational configuration (milling). Our study shows that vision isnecessary to achieve cohesive collective motion for free swimming fish schools,while the short-range lateral line sensing is insufficient in this situation.The present experiment therefore provides new insights into the interactionmechanisms that govern the emergence and intensity of collective motion inbiological systems.

Illuminance-tuned collective motion in fish