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The COVID-19 pandemic caused a paradigm shift in our way of using heating,ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings. In the earlystages of the pandemic, it was indeed advised to reduce the reuse and thus therecirculation of indoor air to minimize the risk of contamination throughinhalation of virus-laden aerosol particles emitted by humans when coughing,sneezing, speaking or breathing. However, such recommendations are notcompatible with energy saving requirements stemming from climate change andenergy price increase concerns, especially in winter and summer when thefraction of outdoor air supplied to the building needs to be significantlyheated or cooled down. In this experimental study, we aim at providing low-costand low-energy solutions to modify the ventilation strategies currently used inmany buildings to reduce the risk of respiratory disease transmission. We findthat ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) modules added to the HVAC systemare very efficient at inactivating pathogens present in aerosols, leading togood indoor air quality even with significant indoor air recirculation.Moreover, we show that an optimal placement of the air exhaust vents relativeto air supply vents can improve the ventilation efficiency, with significantconsequences in terms of energy savings.

Reconciling airborne disease transmission concerns with energy saving  requirements: the potential of UV-C pathogen deactivation and air  distribution optimization