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Attacks like Spectre abuse speculative execution, one of the key performanceoptimizations of modern CPUs. Recently, several testing tools have emerged toautomatically detect speculative leaks in commercial (black-box) CPUs. However,the testing process is still slow, which has hindered in-depth testingcampaigns, and so far prevented the discovery of new classes of leakage.  In this paper, we identify the root causes of the performance limitations inexisting approaches, and propose techniques to overcome these limitations. Withthese techniques, we improve the testing speed over the state-of-the-art by upto two orders of magnitude.  These improvements enable us to run a testing campaign of unprecedented depthon Intel and AMD CPUs. As a highlight, we discover two types of previouslyunknown speculative leaks (affecting string comparison and division) that haveescaped previous manual and automatic analyses.

Hide and Seek with Spectres: Efficient discovery of speculative information leaks with random testing