English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The particle-in-cell (PIC) method is successfully used to study magnetizedplasmas. However, this requires large computational costs and limitssimulations to short physical run-times and often to setups in less than threespatial dimensions. Traditionally, this is circumvented either via hybrid-PICmethods (adopting massless electrons) or via magneto-hydrodynamic-PIC methods(modelling the background plasma as a single charge-neutralmagneto-hydrodynamical fluid). Because both methods preclude modellingimportant plasma-kinetic effects, we introduce a new fluid-PIC code thatcouples a fully explicit and charge-conservative multi-fluid solver to the PICcode SHARP through a current-coupling scheme and solve the full set ofMaxwell's equations. This avoids simplifications typically adopted for Ohm'sLaw and enables us to fully resolve the electron temporal and spatial scaleswhile retaining the versatility of initializing any number of ion, electron, orneutral species with arbitrary velocity distributions. The fluid solverincludes closures emulating Landau damping so that we can account for thisimportant kinetic process in our fluid species. Our fluid-PIC code issecond-order accurate in space and time. The code is successfully validatedagainst several test problems, including the stability and accuracy of shocksand the dispersion relation and damping rates of waves in unmagnetized andmagnetized plasmas. It also matches growth rates and saturation levels of thegyro-scale and intermediate-scale instabilities driven by drifting chargedparticles in magnetized thermal background plasmas in comparison to lineartheory and PIC simulations. This new fluid-SHARP code is specially designed forstudying high-energy cosmic rays interacting with thermal plasmas overmacroscopic timescales.

Coupling multi-fluid dynamics equipped with Landau closures to the particle-in-cell method