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To use batteries as large-scale energy storage systems it is necessary tomeasure and understand their degradation \textit{in-situ} and\textit{in-operando}. As a battery's degradation is often the result ofmolecular processes inside the electrolyte, a sensing platform which allows tomeasure the ions with a high spatial resolution is needed. Primary candidatesfor such a platform are NV-centers in diamonds. We propose to use a singleNV-center to deduce the electric field distribution generated by the ionsinside the electrolyte through microwave pulse sequences. We show that theelectric field can be reconstructed with great accuracy by using a protocolwhich includes different variations of the Free Induction Decay to obtain themean electric field components and a modified Hahn-echo pulse sequence tomeasure the electric field's standard deviation $\sigma_E$. From asemi-analytical ansatz we find that for a lithium ion battery there is a directrelationship between $\sigma_E$ and the ionic concentration. Our results showthat it is therefore possible to use NV-centers as sensors to measure both theelectric field distribution and the local ionic concentration insideelectrolytes.

Quantum sensing of electric field distributions of liquid electrolytes with NV-centers in nanodiamonds