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In the summer of 2021, users on the livestreaming platform Twitch weretargeted by a wave of "hate raids," a form of attack that overwhelms astreamer's chatroom with hateful messages, often through the use of bots andautomation. Using a mixed-methods approach, we combine a quantitativemeasurement of attacks across the platform with interviews of streamers andthird-party bot developers. We present evidence that confirms that some hateraids were highly-targeted, hate-driven attacks, but we also observe anothermode of hate raid similar to networked harassment and specific forms ofsubcultural trolling. We show that the streamers who self-identify as LGBTQ+and/or Black were disproportionately targeted and that hate raid messages weremost commonly rooted in anti-Black racism and antisemitism. We also documenthow these attacks elicited rapid community responses in both bolsteringreactive moderation and developing proactive mitigations for future attacks. Weconclude by discussing how platforms can better prepare for attacks and protectat-risk communities while considering the division of labor between communitymoderators, tool-builders, and platforms.

Hate Raids on Twitch: Echoes of the Past, New Modalities, and Implications for Platform Governance