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Fragile (i.e., non-robust) test execution is a common challenge for automatedGUI-based testing of web applications as they evolve. Despite recent progress,there is still room for improvement since test execution failures caused bytechnical limitations result in unnecessary maintenance costs that limit itseffectiveness and efficiency. One of the most reported technical challenges forweb-based tests concerns how to reliably locate a web element used by a testscript. This paper proposes the novel concept of Visually Overlapping Nodes(VON) that reduces fragility by utilizing the phenomenon that visual webelements (observed by the user) are constructed from multiple web-elements inthe Document Object Model (DOM) that overlaps visually. We demonstrate theapproach in a tool, VON Similo, which extends the state-of-the-artmulti-locator approach (Similo) that is also used as the baseline for anexperiment. In the experiment, a ground truth set of 1163 manually collectedweb element pairs, from different releases of the 40 most popular websites onthe internet, are used to compare the approaches' precision, recall, andaccuracy. Our results show that VON Similo provides 94.7% accuracy inidentifying a web element in a new release of the same SUT. In comparison,Similo provides 83.8% accuracy. These results demonstrate the applicability ofthe visually overlapping nodes concept/tool for web element localization inevolving web applications and contribute a novel way of thinking about webelement localization in future research on GUI-based testing.

Robust web element identification for evolving applications by considering visual overlaps