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The further development of fast electrochemical devices is hindered byself-discharge. Current strategies for suppressing self-discharge are mainlyfocused on the extrinsic and general mechanisms including faradaic reactions,charge redistribution, and ohmic leakage. However, the self-discharge processis still severe for conventional supercapacitors. Herein, we unravel thedeterministic effect of solid-state diffusion energy barrier by constructingconjugately configured supercapacitors based on pairs of pre-lithiated niobiumoxides with similar intercalation pseudocapacitive process but differentphases. This device works with a single type of charge carrier while materialswith various diffusion barriers can be implanted, thus serving as an idealplatform to illustrate the influence of the diffusion barrier. The results showthat the comprehensive effect of solid-state diffusion energy barrier andextrinsic effects drives the self-discharge process. Noteworthy, the diffusionbarrier presents with an exponential form, which governs the self-discharge ofsupercapacitors. This work is expected to unravel the deterministic effect ofthe solid-state diffusion energy barrier and provide a general guidance forsuppressing self-discharge for supercapacitors.

Unravelling the deterministic effect of the solid-state diffusion energy barrier for charge carrier on the self-discharge of supercapacitors