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Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) behavior in one-dimensional systems has beenpredicted and shown to occur at semiconductor-to-metal transitions withintwo-dimensional materials. Reports of mirror twin boundaries (MTBs) hosting aFermi liquid or a TLL have suggested a dependence on the underlying substrate,however, unveiling the physical details of electronic contributions from thesubstrate require cross-correlative investigation. Here, we study TLL formationin MTBs within defectively engineered WS$_2$ atop graphene, where bandstructure and the atomic environment is visualized with nano angle-resolvedphotoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and scanningtunneling spectroscopy, and non-contact atomic force microscopy. Correlationsbetween the local density of states and electronic band dispersion elucidatedthe electron transfer from graphene into a TLL hosted by MTB defects. We findthat MTB defects can be substantially charged at a local level, which drives aband gap shift by $\sim$0.5 eV.

WS$_2$ Band Gap Renormalization Induced by Tomonaga Luttinger Liquid Formation in Mirror Twin Boundaries