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Networks are composed of logical nodes and edges for communications. Theatomistic component of things connected to the network is a memory chip.Accordingly, the unique linkage of a memory chip and a logical node can bepromising to resolve the root-of-trust problem on the Internet-of-Things. Forthis aim, we propose a protocol of challenge-response using a memory chip. Forthe central management, a central node controls the entry of electronicappliances with a memory chip into the network, and excludes a fake node (e.g.,the spoofing entity) from the network that the central node manages. For thedecentralized communications, Merkle's tree turns out to be composed of memorychips to which the logical nodes are uniquely linked, respectively. The root ofMerkle turns out to be the memory chip that stores the latest record of datatransactions. We can register this memory chip as a new block by satisfying therequirement of the proof-of-consensus. After blocks are chained, it gets harderfor even the central node to manipulate transaction record among memory chips.By this way, the decentralized system (e.g., blockchain) and the centralmanagement can coexist. A new idea of security state is also discussed briefly.

On coexistence of decentralized system (blockchain) and central management in Internet-of-Things