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Knowledge graphs and ontologies are becoming increasingly important astechnical solutions for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable dataand metadata (FAIR Guiding Principles). We discuss four challenges that impedethe use of FAIR knowledge graphs and propose semantic units as their potentialsolution. Semantic units structure a knowledge graph into identifiable andsemantically meaningful subgraphs. Each unit is represented by its ownresource, instantiates a corresponding semantic unit class, and can beimplemented as a FAIR Digital Object and a nanopublication in RDF/OWL andproperty graphs. We distinguish statement and compound units as basiccategories of semantic units. Statement units represent smallest, independentpropositions that are semantically meaningful for a human reader. They consistof one or more triples and mathematically partition a knowledge graph. Wedistinguish assertional, contingent (prototypical), and universal statementunits as basic types of statement units and propose representational schemesand formal semantics for them (including for absence statements, negations, andcardinality restrictions) that do not involve blank nodes and that translateback to OWL. Compound units, on the other hand, represent semanticallymeaningful collections of semantic units and we distinguish various types ofcompound units, representing different levels of representational granularity,different types of granularity trees, and different frames of reference.Semantic units support making statements about statements, can be used forgraph-alignment, subgraph-matching, knowledge graph profiling, and for managingaccess restrictions to sensitive data. Organizing the graph into semantic unitssupports the separation of ontological, diagnostic (i.e., referential), anddiscursive information, and it also supports the differentiation of multipleframes of reference.

Semantic Units: Organizing knowledge graphs into semantically meaningful units of representation