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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been recognized as a promisingtechnique for the sixth generation (6G) of mobile communication networks. Thekey feature of RIS is to reconfigure the propagation environment via smartsignal reflections. In addition, active RIS schemes have been recently proposedto overcome the deep path loss attenuation inherent in the RIS-aidedcommunication systems. Accordingly, this paper considers the secrecyperformance of up-link RIS-aided multiple users multiple-input single-output(MU-MISO) communication systems, in the presence of multiple passiveeavesdroppers. In contrast to the existing works, we investigate the impact ofthe RIS phase shift errors on the secrecy performance. Taking into account thecomplex environment, where a general Rician channel model is adopted for allthe communication links, closed-form approximate expressions for the ergodicsecrecy rate are derived for three RIS configurations, namely, i) passive RIS,ii) active RIS, iii) active RIS with energy harvesting (EH RIS). Then, based onthe derived expressions, we optimize the phase shifts at the RIS to enhance thesystem performance. In addition, the best RIS configuration selection isconsidered for a given target secrecy rate and amount of the power available atthe users. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to verify the accuracyof the analysis, and the impact of different system parameters on the secrecyperformance is investigated. The results in this paper show that, an active RISscheme can be implemented to enhance the secrecy performance of RIS-aidedcommunication systems with phase shift errors, especially when the users havelimited transmission power.

Impact of Phase-Shift Error on the Secrecy Performance of Uplink RIS Communication Systems