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We show how one can generate domain walls that separate high- and low-densityregions with opposite momenta in the ground state of a harmonically trappedBose-Einstein condensate using a density-dependent gauge potential. Within aGross-Pitaevskii framework, we elucidate the distinct roles of vector andscalar potentials and how they lead to synthetic electromagnetic fields thatare localized at the domain wall. In particular, the kinetic energy cost of asteep density gradient is compensated by an electrostatic field that pushesparticles away from a special value of density. We show numerically in onedimension that such a domain wall is more prominent for repulsive contactinteractions, and becomes metastable at strong electric fields through afirst-order phase transition that ends at a critical point as the field isreduced. Our findings build on recent experimental developments and may berealized with cold atoms in a shaken optical lattice, providing insights intocollective phenomena arising from dynamical gauge fields.

Density-and-phase domain walls in a condensate with dynamical gauge potentials