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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung diseasecharacterized by airflow limitation. This study develops a systems engineeringframework for representing important mechanistic details of COPD in a model ofthe cardio-respiratory system. In this model, we present the cardio-respiratorysystem as an integrated biological control system responsible for regulatingbreathing. Four engineering control system components are considered: sensor,controller, actuator, and the process itself. Knowledge of human anatomy andphysiology is used to develop appropriate mechanistic mathematical models foreach component. Following a systematic analysis of the computational model, weidentify three physiological parameters associated with reproducing clinicalmanifestations of COPD - changes in the forced expiratory volume (FEV), lungvolumes, and pulmonary hypertension. We quantify the changes in theseparameters (airway resistance, lung elastance, and pulmonary resistance) as theones that result in a systemic response that is diagnostic of COPD. Amultivariate analysis reveals that the changes in airway resistance have abroad impact on the human cardio-respiratory system, and that the pulmonarycircuit is stressed beyond normal under hypoxic environments in most COPDpatients.

A Systems Engineering Approach to Modeling and Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)