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The interaction between charged objects in solution is generally expected torecapitulate two central principles of electromagnetics: (i) like-chargedobjects repel, and (ii) they do so regardless of the sign of their electricalcharge. Here we demonstrate experimentally that the solvent plays a hithertounforeseen but crucial role in interparticle interactions, and importantly,that interactions in the fluid phase can break charge-reversal symmetry. Weshow that in aqueous solution, negatively charged particles can attract at longrange while positively charged particles repel. In solvents that exhibit aninversion of the net molecular dipole at an interface, such as alcohols, wefind that the converse can be true: positively charged particles may attractwhereas negatives repel. The observations hold across a wide variety of surfacechemistries: from inorganic silica and polymeric particles to polyelectrolyte-and polypeptide-coated surfaces in aqueous solution. A theory of interparticleinteractions that invokes solvation at an interface explains the observations.Our study establishes a specific and unanticipated mechanism by which themolecular solvent may give rise to a strong and long-ranged force in solution,with immediate ramifications for a variety of particulate and molecularprocesses including tailored self-assembly, gelation and crystallization, aswell as biomolecular condensation, coacervation and phase segregation. Thesefindings also shed light on the solvent-induced interfacial electricalpotential - an elusive quantity in electrochemistry and interface scienceimplicated in many natural and technological processes, such as atmosphericchemical reactions, electrochemical energy storage and conversion, and theconduction of ions across cell membranes.

A charge dependent long-ranged force drives tailored assembly of matter in solution