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Since the introduction of massive MIMO (mMIMO), the design of a transceiverwith feasible complexity has been a challenging problem. Initially, it wasbelieved that the main issue in this respect is the overall RF-cost. However,as mMIMO is becoming more and more a key technology for future wirelessnetworks, it is realized, that the RF-cost is only one of many implementationalchallenges and design trade-offs. In this paper, we present, analyze andcompare various novel mMIMO architectures, considering recent emergingtechnologies such as intelligent surface-assisted and Rotman lens basedarchitectures. These are compared to the conventional fully digital (FD) andhybrid analog-digital beamforming (HADB) approaches. To enable a faircomparison, we account for various hardware imperfections and losses andutilize a novel, universal algorithm for signal precoding. Based on ourthorough investigations, we draw a generic efficiency to quality trade-off forvarious mMIMO architectures. We find that in a typical cellular communicationsetting the reflect/transmit array based architectures sketch the best overalltrade-off. Further, we show that in a qualitative ranking the power efficiencyof the considered architectures is independent of the frequency range.

A High-Level Comparison of Recent Technologies for Massive MIMO Architectures