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Within the framework of the universal algebra of the electromagnetic field,the impact of globally neutral configurations of external charges on the fieldis analyzed. External charges are not affected by the field, but they inducelocalized automorphisms of the universal algebra. Gauss's law implies thatthese automorphisms cannot be implemented by unitary operators involving onlythe electromagnetic field, they are outer automorphisms. The missing degrees offreedom can be incorporated in an enlargement of the universal algebra, whichcan concretely be represented by exponential functions of gauge fields and anabelian algebra describing the external charges. In this manner, gauge fieldsmanifest themselves in the framework of gauge invariant observables. The actionof the automorphisms on the vacuum state gives rise to representations of theelectromagnetic field with vanishing global charge, which are locally disjointfrom the vacuum representation. This feature disappears in the enlargeduniversal algebra of the electromagnetic field. The energy content of thestates is well defined in both cases and bounded from below. The passage fromthese globally neutral states to charged states and the determination of theirenergy content are also being discussed.

Gauss's law, the manifestations of gauge fields, and their impact on local observables