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Speech systems are sensitive to accent variations. This is especiallychallenging in the Indian context, with an abundance of languages but a dearthof linguistic studies characterising pronunciation variations. The growingnumber of L2 English speakers in India reinforces the need to study accents andL1-L2 interactions. We investigate the accents of Indian English (IE) speakersand report in detail our observations, both specific and common to all regions.In particular, we observe the phonemic variations and phonotactics occurring inthe speakers' native languages and apply this to their English pronunciations.We demonstrate the influence of 18 Indian languages on IE by comparing thenative language pronunciations with IE pronunciations obtained jointly fromexisting literature studies and phonetically annotated speech of 80 speakers.Consequently, we are able to validate the intuitions of Indian languageinfluences on IE pronunciations by justifying pronunciation rules from theperspective of Indian language phonology. We obtain a comprehensive descriptionin terms of universal and region-specific characteristics of IE, whichfacilitates accent conversion and adaptation of existing ASR and TTS systems todifferent Indian accents.

An Investigation of Indian Native Language Phonemic Influences on L2 English Pronunciations