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The COVID-19 pandemic offers an unprecedented natural experiment providinginsights into the emergence of collective behavioral changes of both exogenous(government mandated) and endogenous (spontaneous reaction to infection risks)origin. Here, we characterize collective physical distancing -- mobilityreductions, minimization of contacts, shortening of contact duration -- inresponse to the COVID-19 pandemic in the pre-vaccine era by analyzingde-identified, privacy-preserving location data for a panel of over 5.5 millionanonymized, opted-in U.S. devices. We define five indicators of users' mobilityand proximity to investigate how the emerging collective behavior deviates fromthe typical pre-pandemic patterns during the first nine months of the COVID-19pandemic. We analyze both the dramatic changes due to the government mandatedmitigation policies and the more spontaneous societal adaptation into a new(physically distanced) normal in the fall 2020. The indicators defined hereallow the quantification of behavior changes across the rural/urban divide andhighlight the statistical association of mobility and proximity indicators withmetrics characterizing the pandemic's social and public health impact such asunemployment and deaths. This study provides a framework to study massivesocial distancing phenomena with potential uses in analyzing and monitoring theeffects of pandemic mitigation plans at the national and international level.

Characterizing collective physical distancing in the U.S. during the first nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic