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We study the environmental effect of galaxy evolution as a function of theunderlying 3D dark matter density for the first time at $z=2-2.5$, in which theunderlying matter density is reconstructed from galaxy and Ly$\alpha$ forestspectroscopy through dynamical forward modeling techniques. Utilizing thesemaps, we investigate the dependence of the star formation activities and galaxytypes (mergers, submillimeter galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and quiescentgalaxies) on the matter overdensity $\Delta$ and stellar mass. For the firsttime, we are able to probe underdense regions ($\Delta <1$) in addition tooverdensities. We find that star formation activity generally depend on thestellar mass, not the matter density, except for high-mass galaxies($M_*\geq10^{10.5}$ M$_\odot$) which show a drop in star formation activitiesby a factor of more than $30$ if they reside in high density regions with$\Delta\geq4-6$. We also find: (1) an absence of mergers and submillimetergalaxies in higher-density regions but otherwise no trend across lower-densitybins, (2) the increase of active galactic nuclei and quiescent galaxyprevalence as a function of matter density, and (3) the increase of allaforementioned categories with the stellar mass. These results indicate thatmass is the main driver of galaxy evolution. Nonetheless, we also find evidencefor environmental quenching, particularly for high-mass galaxies inhigh-density environments. Our novel approach directly using reconstructed darkmatter density maps demonstrates the new capability of the environmental effectstudies in galaxy evolution at higher redshift.

The Dependence of Galaxy Properties on the Underlying 3D Matter Density Field at 2.0