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The question "What is real?" can be traced back to the shadows in Plato'scave. Two thousand years later, Rene Descartes lacked knowledge about arguingagainst an evil deceiver feeding us the illusion of sensation. Descartes'epistemological concept later led to various theories of sensory experiences.The concept of "illusionism", proposing that even the very conscious experiencewe have is an illusion, is not only a red-pill scenario found in the 1999science fiction movie "The Matrix" but is also a philosophical concept promotedby modern tinkers, most prominently by Daniel Dennett. Reflection upon apossible simulation and our perceived reality was beautifully visualized in"The Matrix", bringing the old ideas of Descartes to coffee houses around theworld. Irish philosopher Bishop Berkeley was the father of what was latercoined as "subjective idealism", basically stating that "what you perceive isreal". With the advent of quantum technologies based on the control ofindividual fundamental particles, the question of whether our universe is asimulation isn't just intriguing. Our ever-advancing understanding offundamental physical processes will likely lead us to build quantum computersutilizing quantum effects for simulating nature quantum-mechanically in allcomplexity, as famously envisioned by Richard Feynman. In this article, weoutline constraints on the limits of computability and predictability in/of theuniverse, which we then use to design experiments allowing for firstconclusions as to whether we participate in a simulation chain. Eventually, ina simulation in which the computer simulating a universe is governed by thesame physical laws as the simulation, the exhaustion of computational resourceswill halt all simulations down the simulation chain unless an externalprogrammer intervenes, which we may be able to observe.

Do we live in a [quantum] simulation? Constraints, observations, and experiments on the simulation hypothesis