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The (re)introduction of $\Lambda$ into cosmology has spurred debates thattouch on central questions in philosophy of science, as well as the foundationsof general relativity and particle physics. We provide a systematic assessmentof the often implicit philosophical assumptions guiding the methodology ofprecision cosmology in relation to dark energy. We start by briefly introducinga recent account of scientific progress in terms of risky and constrained linesof inquiry. This allows us to contrast aspects of $\Lambda$ that make itrelevantly different from other theoretical entities in science, such as itsremoteness from direct observation or manipulability. We lay out aclassification for possible ways to explain apparent accelerated expansion butconclude that these conceptually clear distinctions may blur heavily inpractice. Finally, we consider the important role played in cosmology bycritical tests of background assumptions, approximation techniques, and coreprinciples, arguing that the weak anthropic principle fits into this category.We argue that some core typicality assumptions -- like the Copernican principleand the cosmological principle -- are necessary though not provable, whileothers -- like the strong anthropic principle and appeals to naturalness orprobability in the multiverse -- are not similarly justifiable.

Contemporary Philosophical Perspectives on the Cosmological Constant