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The discrepancy between the mass of galaxies and their rotational velocity isone of the most puzzling scientific phenomena. Despite over a century ofresearch, this phenomenon is not fully understood. Common explanations includedark matter and MOND, among other theories. Here we report on anotherobservation that shows tension between the physics of galaxy rotation and itsrotational velocity. We compare the brightness of galaxies, and find thatgalaxies that spin in the same direction as the Milky Way have differentbrightness than galaxies that spin in the opposite direction. While suchdifference in brightness is expected due to Doppler shift, it is expected to besubtle. The results show that the difference in brightness is large enough tobe detected by Earth-based telescopes. That observed difference corresponds tophysical properties of galaxies with far greater rotational velocity than therotational velocity of the Milky Way. The difference is consistent in both theNorthern galactic pole and the Southern galactic pole, and is not observed inparts of the sky that are perpendicular to the galactic pole. The differencesare observed by several different instruments such DECam, SDSS, Pan-STARRS, andHST. The observation is also consistent across annotation methods, includingdifferent computer-based methods, manual annotation, or crowdsourcingannotations through Galaxy Zoo, all show similar results. Another possibleexplanation to the observation is parity violation in the large-scalestructure, such that the magnitude of the parity violation was stronger in theearlier Universe. It can also be linked to other anomalies such as the Hotension. Analysis of Ho using Ia supernovae shows smaller Ho tension when thespin directions of the host galaxies are consistent, although these results arebased on a small number of supernovae, and may not be statisticallysignificant.

A possible tension between galaxy rotational velocity and observed physical properties