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Real-time crowd-powered systems, such as Chorus/Evorus, VizWiz, andApparition, have shown how incorporating humans into automated systems couldsupplement where the automatic solutions fall short. However, one unspokenbottleneck of applying such architectures to more scenarios is the longerlatency of including humans in the loop of automated systems. For theapplications that have hard constraints in turnaround times, human-operatedcomponents' longer latency and large speed variation seem to be apparent dealbreakers. This paper explicates and quantifies these limitations by using ahuman-powered text-based backend to hold conversations with users through avoice-only smart speaker. Smart speakers must respond to users' requests withinseconds, so the workers behind the scenes only have a few seconds to composeanswers. We measured the end-to-end system latency and the conversation qualitywith eight pairs of participants, showing the challenges and superiority ofsuch systems.

Too Slow to Be Useful? On Incorporating Humans in the Loop of Smart Speakers