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Recently, 3D printing has been widely used to fabricate medical imagingphantoms. So far, various rigid 3D printable materials have been investigatedfor their radiological properties and efficiency in imaging phantomfabrication. However, flexible, soft tissue materials are also needed forimaging phantoms, which are used in various scenarios, such as anatomicaldeformations to improve dynamic treatments and various needle-based surgeriesand training. Recently, various silicone additive manufacturing technologieshave been used to produce anatomical models based on extrusion techniques thatallow the fabrication of soft tissue materials. To date, there is no systematicstudy in the literature investigating the radiological properties of siliconerubber materials/fluids for imaging phantoms fabricated directly by extrusionusing 3D printing techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate theradiological properties of 3D printed phantoms made of silicone in CT imaging.The radiodensity as described as Hounsfield Units (HU) of several test phantomscomposed of three different silicone printing materials were evaluated bychanging the infill density to adjust their radiological properties. Acomparison of HU values with a Gammex Tissue Characterization Phantom wasperformed. A scaled down anatomical model derived from an abdominal CT was alsofabricated and the resulting HU values were evaluated. For the three differentsilicone materials, a spectrum ranging from -639 to +780 HU was obtained on CTat a scan setting of 120 kVp. A good agreement was observed between the HUtarget values in abdominal CT and the HU values of the 3D-printed anatomicalphantom in all tissues. Moreover, using different infill densities, the printedmaterials were able to achieve a similar radiodensity range as obtained indifferent tissue-equivalent inserts in the Gammex phantom (238 HU to -673 HU).

Silicone phantoms fabricated with multi-material extrusion 3D printing technology mimicking imaging properties of soft tissues in CT