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Thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) is a promising platform foroptical communications, microwave photonics, and quantum technologies. Whilemany high-performance devices like electro-optic modulators and frequency combsources have been achieved on LNOI platform, it remains challenging to realizephotodetectors (PDs) on LNOI platform using simple and low-cost fabricationtechniques. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are excellent candidates to achievephotodetection since they feature strong light-matter interaction, excellentmechanical flexibility, and potential large-scale complementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible fabrication. In this work, we propose toaddress this demand using an LNOI-2D material platform and demonstrate twotypes of high-performance LNOI waveguide-integrated 2D material PDs, namelygraphene and Tellurium (Te). Specifically, the LNOI-graphene PD featuresbroadband operations at telecom and visible wavelengths, high normalizedphotocurrent-to-dark current ratios up to 3*106 W-1, and large 3-dBphotoelectric bandwidths of over 40 GHz, simultaneously. The LNOI-Te PD on theother hand provides an ultrahigh responsivity of 7 A/W under 0.5 V bias fortelecom optical signals while supporting GHz frequency responses. Our resultsshow that the versatile properties of 2D materials and their excellentcompatibility with LNOI waveguides could provide important low-cost solutionsfor system operating point monitoring and high-speed photoelectric conversionin future LN photonic integrated circuits.

Waveguide-Integrated Two-Dimensional Material Photodetectors in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate