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The realization of ultra-compact passive silicon photonic devices is becomingmore and more important for the future large-scale photonic integration asdesired for many systems. Although some compact silicon photonic devices havebeen demonstrated by using inverse design, the device performance is stillinsufficient for real applications. Here, we propose and realize severalrepresentative ultra-compact advanced passive silicon photonic devices withdecent performances by introducing subwavelength-grating (SWG) structuresdeveloped by our high-efficiency inverse design method. These devices aredesigned by optimally manipulating the multimode excitation and the multimodeinterference in a region defined with SWG structures. These SWG structures withexcellent feature-size uniformity are more fabrication-friendly than thoserandom nano-structures used in previous inverse-designed photonic devices. Thehigh-efficiency of our inverse design method is attributed to a novelsearch-space-dimension control strategy and the efficient problem-orientedelectromagnetic-field solvers available for SWG structures. Specifically, wepresent the realization of a 6-channel mode (de)multiplexer, a broadband90{\deg}-hybrid, and a two-channel flat-top wavelength demultiplexer as someexamples, which can hardly be realized by previously reported inverse designapproaches. These devices exhibit ultra-compact footprints as well as decentperformances when compared to the counterparts developed by the classicaltheory.

Realization of advanced passive silicon photonic devices with subwavelength-grating structures developed by efficient inverse design