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Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have been considered as apromising technology for the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks that cancontrol wireless channels in a desirable way and significantly enhance thenetwork performance. Simultaneous transmitting and reflecting-RISs (STAR-RISs)can overcome limitation of reflecting-only RISs by leveraging the higher designflexibility and full-space coverage. Despite the benefits, the modeling andanalysis of STAR-RISs are complicated because of various control parameters forboth transmission and reflection links. In this article, a general framework tofacilitate the design and implementation of STAR-RISs in 6G scenarios andnetwork topologies is presented. We provide a systematic introduction to theSTAR-RIS operating protocols for different communication modes and discussrecent efforts to identify the research progress and combination solutions.Finally, we provide the design concepts, research challenges, potentialsolutions, and future directions related to the channel modeling, channelestimation, hardware implementations, modeling and limitations, andoptimization.

Simultaneous Transmitting and Reflecting-Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface in 6G: Design Guidelines and Future Perspectives