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We extend the canonical problems of simulation and optimization ofsteady-state gas flows in pipeline networks with compressors to the transportof mixtures of highly heterogeneous gases injected throughout a network. Ourstudy is motivated by proposed projects to blend hydrogen generated using cleanenergy into existing natural gas pipeline systems as part of efforts to reducethe reliance of energy systems on fossil fuels. Flow in a pipe is related toendpoint pressures by a basic Weymouth equation model, with an ideal gasequation of state, where the wave speed depends on the hydrogen concentration.At vertices, in addition to mass balance, we also consider mixing of incomingflows of varying hydrogen concentrations. The problems of interest are theheterogeneous gas flow simulation (HGFS), which determines system pressures andflows given fixed boundary conditions and compressor settings, as well as theheterogeneous gas flow optimization (HGFO), which extremizes an objective bydetermining optimal boundary conditions and compressor settings. We examineconditions for uniqueness of solutions to the HGFS, as well as compare andcontrast mixed-integer and continuous nonlinear programming formulations forthe HGFO. We develop computational methods to solve both problems, and examinetheir performance using four test networks of increasing complexity.

Modeling and Optimization of Steady Flow of Natural Gas and Hydrogen Mixtures in Pipeline Networks