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Yaw control has proven to be promising in alleviating the wake effects thatplague the efficiency of wind farms. In this work, the actuator line modeling(ALM) method is adopted to simulate the flows over two tandem turbinesdistanced by $3 - 7$ rotor diameters, with the yaw angle of the upstream rotorvarying from $\gamma_1=0^{\circ}$ to $50^{\circ}$. The aim is to provide acomprehensive aerodynamic characterization of a simple wind farm under yawmisalignment. With increasing yaw angle, the power generated by the downstreamrotor increases, compensating the power loss in the upstream rotor, andresulting in higher total power of the two turbines than that without yawcontrol. The maximum power output is achieved as the upstream wake of the yawedrotor is redirected away from the downstream rotor plane. Behind the downstreamrotor, the secondary steering phenomenon is observed, where the wake is alsoredirected from the centerline. The use of the actuator line model also revealunsteady aerodynamic characteristics that can not be captured by lower-fidelitymodels. For the upstream rotor, the yaw misalignment results in time-varyingchange in the local angle of attack on the blade, giving rise to unsteadyloading. The downstream rotor is partially submerged in the deflected wakeincurred by the yawed upstream rotor. As the blade revolves into and out of thewake deficit, the blade experiences cyclic loading, leading to even strongerfluctuations in the aerodynamic loads than the upstream rotor. These analysisprovides a comprehensive understanding of the yaw control effects on the twotandem rotors from the perspectives of aerodynamic performance, wake profiles,and unsteady characteristics. The insights gained from the study can aid thedesign of collective yaw control strategies of wind farms, and lay thefoundation for assessing the fatigue damage associated with yaw misalignment.

Aerodynamic characterization of two tandem wind turbines under yaw misalignment control using actuator line model