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Over the past two decades, researchers and engineers have extensively studiedthe problem of how to enable a software system to deal with uncertain operatingconditions. One prominent solution to this problem is self-adaptation, whichequips a software system with a feedback loop that resolves uncertaintiesduring operation and adapts the system to deal with them when necessary. Mostself-adaptation approaches developed so far use decision-making mechanisms thatfocus on achieving a set of goals, i.e., that select for execution theadaptation option with the best estimated benefit. A few approaches have alsoconsidered the estimated (one-off) cost of executing the candidate adaptationoptions. We argue that besides benefit and cost, decision-making inself-adaptive systems should also consider the estimated risk the system or itsusers would be exposed to if an adaptation option were selected for execution.Balancing all three factors when evaluating the options for adaptation whenmitigating uncertainty is essential, not only for satisfying the concerns ofthe stakeholders, but also to ensure safety and public acceptance ofself-adaptive systems. In this paper, we present an ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010compatible architectural viewpoint that considers the estimated benefit, cost,and risk as core factors of each adaptation option considered inself-adaptation. The viewpoint aims to support software architects responsiblefor designing robust decision-making mechanisms for self-adaptive systems.

Specification Architectural Viewpoint for Benefit-Cost-Risk-Aware Decision-Making in Self-Adaptive Systems