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We present novel numerical simulations investigating the bag breakup ofliquid droplets. We first examine the viscous effect on drop deformation beforethe onset of bag breakup, comparing with theory and experiment. Next, a bagfilm forms at late time and is susceptible to spurious mesh-induced breakup innumerical simulations, which has prevented previous studies from reaching gridconvergence of fragment statistics. We therefore adopt the manifold death (MD)algorithm which artificially perforates thin films once they reach a prescribedcritical thickness independent of the grid size, controlled by a numericalparameter $L_{\rm sig}$. We show grid convergence of fragment statistics whenutilising the MD algorithm, and analyse the fragment behaviour and bag filmdisintegration mechanisms including ligament breakup, node detachment and rimdestabilisation. Our choice of the critical thickness parameter $L_{\rm sig}$is limited by numerical constraints and thus has not been matched to experimentor theory; consequently, the current simulations yield critical bag filmperforation thicknesses larger than experimentally observed. The influence ofthe MD algorithm configuration on the bag breakup phenomena and statistics willbe investigated in future work. We also study the effects of moderate liquidOhnesorge number ($0.005 \leq Oh \leq 0.05$) on the bag breakup process andfragment statistics, where a non-monotonic dependency of the average diameterof bag film fragments on $Oh$ is found. These results highlight the utility ofthe MD algorithm in multiphase simulations involving topological changes, andpave the way for physics-based numerical investigations into spume generationat the air-sea interface.

Bag Film Breakup of Droplets in Uniform Airflows