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Previous research has documented the existence of both online echo chambersand hostile intergroup interactions. In this paper, we explore the relationshipbetween these two phenomena by studying the activity of 5.97M Reddit users and421M comments posted over 13 years. We examine whether users who are moreengaged in echo chambers are more hostile when they comment on othercommunities. We then create a typology of relationships between politicalcommunities based on whether their users are toxic to each other, whether echochamber-like engagement with these communities is associated with polarization,and on the communities' political leanings. We observe both the echo chamberand hostile intergroup interaction phenomena, but neither holds universallyacross communities. Contrary to popular belief, we find that polarizing andtoxic speech is more dominant between communities on the same, rather thanopposing, sides of the political spectrum, especially on the left; however,this mainly points to the collective targeting of political outgroups.

Non-Polar Opposites: Analyzing the Relationship Between Echo Chambers and Hostile Intergroup Interactions on Reddit