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The United States, much like other countries around the world, facessignificant obstacles to achieving a rapid decarbonization of its economy.Crucially, decarbonization disproportionately affects the communities that havebeen historically, politically, and socially embedded in the nation's fossilfuel production. However, this effect has rarely been quantified in theliterature. Using econometric estimation methods that control for unobservedheterogeneity via two-way fixed effects, spatial effects, heterogeneous timetrends, and grouped fixed effects, we demonstrate that mine closures induce asignificant and consistent contemporaneous rise in the unemployment rate acrossUS counties. A single mine closure can raise a county's unemployment rate by0.056 percentage points in a given year; this effect is amplified by a factorof four when spatial econometric dynamics are considered. Although thisresponse in the unemployment rate fades within 2-3 years, it has far-reachingeffects in its immediate vicinity. Furthermore, we use cluster analysis tobuild a novel typology of coal counties based on qualities that are thought tofacilitate a successful recovery in the face of local industrial decline. Thecombined findings of the econometric analysis and typology point to theimportance of investing in alternative sectors in places with promising levelsof economic diversity, retraining job seekers in places with lower levels ofeducational attainment, providing relocation (or telecommuting) support inrural areas, and subsidizing childcare and after school programs in places withlow female labor force participation due to the gendered division of domesticwork.

Spatial-temporal dynamics of employment shocks in declining coal mining regions and potentialities of the 'just transition'