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Legionella are gram-negative, facultative intracellular, and pathogenicbacteria that pose a risk for human health and cause significant energy lossesdue to extensive preventive heating-up of water installations. We investigateacoustically-driven motion - acoustophoresis - of several Legionella species,Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acanthamoeba castellanii, acommon Legionella host in water. All the investigated cells can be acousticallymanipulated in an ultrasonic standing wave in water, as they possess a non-zeroacoustic contrast that is positive for all of the cells, leading to thefocusing into pressure nodes of the standing wave. Multi-body simulationsindicate that an increase in cell concentration could significantly acceleratethe rate of focusing due to hydrodynamic interactions - a phenomenon that wecall collective hydrodynamic focusing (CHF). The results form a foundation foracoustic manipulation of bacteria and could pave a path towardsacoustically-aided detection of Legionella in water.

Acoustophoresis of Legionella species in water and the influence of collective hydrodynamic focusing