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This paper unifies integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) andsimultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), by investigatinga new multi-functional multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system integratingwireless sensing, communication, and powering. In this system, onemulti-antenna hybrid access point (H-AP) transmits wireless signals tocommunicate with one multi-antenna information decoding (ID) receiver,wirelessly charge one multi-antenna energy harvesting (EH) receiver, andperform radar target sensing based on the echo signal at the same time. Underthis setup, we aim to reveal the fundamental performance tradeoff limits amongsensing, communication, and powering, in terms of the estimation Cramer-Raobound (CRB), achievable communication rate, and harvested energy level,respectively. In particular, we consider two different target models for radarsensing, namely the point and extended targets, for which we are interested inestimating the target angle and the complete target response matrix,respectively. For both models, we define the achievable CRB-rate-energy (C-R-E)region and characterize its Pareto boundary by maximizing the achievable rateat the ID receiver, subject to the estimation CRB requirement for targetsensing, the harvested energy requirement at the EH receiver, and the maximumtransmit power constraint at the H-AP. We obtain the well-structured optimaltransmit covariance solutions to the two formulated problems by applyingadvanced convex optimization techniques. Numerical results show the optimalC-R-E region boundary achieved by our proposed design, as compared to thebenchmark schemes based on time switching and eigenmode transmission (EMT).

ISAC Meets SWIPT: Multi-functional Wireless Systems Integrating Sensing, Communication, and Powering