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Purpose: To optimize the choice of the flip-angles of magnetization-preparedgradient echo (MP-GRE) sequences for improved accuracy, precision, and speed of3D-T1rho mapping. Methods: We propose a new optimization approach for findingvariable flip-angle (VFA) values that improve MP-GRE sequences used for3D-T1\r{ho} mapping. This new approach can simultaneously improve the accuracyand signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) while reducing filtering effects. Wedemonstrate the concept in the three different versions of the MP-GRE sequencesthat are typically used for 3D-T1rho mapping and evaluate their performance inmodel agarose phantoms (n=6) and healthy volunteers (n=5) for knee jointimaging. We also tested the optimization with sequence parameters targetingfaster acquisitions. Results: Our results show that optimized VFA can improvethe accuracy and the precision of the sequences, seen as a reduction of themean of normalized absolute difference (MNAD) from 6~8% to 4~5% in modelphantoms and from 14~22% to 12~14% in the knee joint, and improving SNR from12~27 to 24~35 in agarose phantoms and 5~13 to 11~16 in healthy volunteers. Theoptimization can also compensate for the loss in quality caused by making thesequence faster. This results in sequence configurations that acquire nearlytwice more data per unit of time with similar SNR and MNAD measurements ascompared to its slower versions. Conclusion: The optimization of the VFA can beused to increase accuracy and precision, and improve the speed of the typicalimaging sequences used for quantitative 3D-T1rho mapping of the knee joint.

Optimizing Variable Flip-Angles in Magnetization-Prepared Gradient Echo Sequences for Efficient 3D-T1rho Mapping