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Renewable energy storage (RES) is essential to address the intermittenceissues of renewable energy systems, thereby enhancing the system stability andreliability. This study presents an optimisation study of sizing andoperational strategy parameters of a grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)-hydrogen/battery systems using a Multi-Objective Modified FireflyAlgorithm (MOMFA). An operational strategy that utilises the ability ofhydrogen to store energy over a long time was also investigated. The proposedmethod was applied to a real-world distributed energy project located in thetropical climate zone. To further demonstrate the robustness and versatility ofthe method, another synthetic test case was examined for a location in thesubtropical weather zone, which has a high seasonal mismatch. The performanceof the proposed MOMFA method is compared with the NSGA-II method, which hasbeen widely used to design renewable energy storage systems in the literature.The result shows that MOMFA is more accurate and robust than NSGA-II owing tothe complex and dynamic nature of energy storage system. The optimisationresults show that battery storage systems, as a mature technology, yield bettereconomic performance than current hydrogen storage systems. However, it isproven that hydrogen storage systems provide better techno-economic performanceand can be a viable long-term storage solution when high penetration ofrenewable energy is required. The study also proves that the proposed long-termoperational strategy can lower component degradation, enhance efficiency, andincrease the total economic performance of hydrogen storage systems. Thefindings of this study can support the implementation of energy storage systemsfor renewable energy.

Optimal sizing of renewable energy storage: A comparative study of hydrogen and battery system considering degradation and seasonal storage