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Recent advances in digital microfluidic (DMF) technologies offer a promisingplatform for a wide variety of biochemical applications, such as DNA analysis,automated drug discovery, and toxicity monitoring. For on-chip implementationof complex bioassays, automated synthesis tools have been developed to meet thedesign challenges. Currently, the synthesis tools pass through a number ofcomplex design steps to realize a given biochemical protocol on a target DMFarchitecture. Thus, design errors can arise during the synthesis steps. Beforedeploying a DMF biochip on a safety critical system, it is necessary to ensurethat the desired biochemical protocol has been correctly implemented, i.e., thesynthesized output (actuation sequences for the biochip) is free from anydesign or realization errors. We propose a symbolic constraint-based analysisframework for checking the correctness of a synthesized biochemical protocolwith respect to the original design specification. The verification schemebased on this framework can detect several post-synthesis fluidic violationsand realization errors in 2D-array based or pin-constrained biochips as well asin cyberphysical systems. It further generates diagnostic feedback for errorlocalization. We present experimental results on the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and in-vitro multiplexed bioassays to demonstrate the proposedverification approach.

A Framework for Automated Correctness Checking of Biochemical Protocol Realizations on Digital Microfluidic Biochips