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The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 was accompanied by practicesof information warfare, yet existing evidence is largely anecdotal whilelarge-scale empirical evidence is lacking. Here, we analyze the spread ofpro-Russian support on social media. For this, we collected N = 349,455messages from Twitter with pro-Russian support. Our findings suggest thatpro-Russian messages received ~251,000 retweets and thereby reached around 14.4million users. We further provide evidence that bots played a disproportionaterole in the dissemination of pro-Russian messages and amplified itsproliferation in early-stage diffusion. Countries that abstained from voting onthe United Nations Resolution ES-11/1 such as India, South Africa, and Pakistanshowed pronounced activity of bots. Overall, 20.28% of the spreaders areclassified as bots, most of which were created at the beginning of theinvasion. Together, our findings suggest the presence of a large-scale Russianpropaganda campaign on social media and highlight the new threats to societythat originate from it. Our results also suggest that curbing bots may be aneffective strategy to mitigate such campaigns.

Russian propaganda on social media during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine