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District heating is an important component in the EU strategy to reach theset emission goals, since it allows an efficient supply of heat while using theadvantages of sector coupling between different energy carriers such as power,heat, gas and biomass. Most district heating systems use several differenttypes of units to produce heat for hundreds or thousands of households. Thetechnologies reach from natural gas-fired and electric boilers to biomass-firedunits as well as waste heat from industrial processes and solar thermal units.Furthermore, combined heat and power units (CHP) units are often included touse the synergy effects of excess heat from electricity production.  We propose a generic mathematical formulation for the operational productionoptimization in district heating systems. The generality of the model allows itto be used for most district heating systems although they might use differentcombinations of technologies in different system layouts. The mathematicalformulation is based on stochastic programming to account for the uncertaintyof production from non-dispatchable units such as waste heat and solar heat.Furthermore, the model is easily adaptable to different application cases indistrict heating such as operational planning, bidding to electricity marketsand long-term evaluation. We present results from three real cases in Denmarkwith different requirements.

A generic stochastic network flow formulation for production optimization of district heating systems