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This paper unifies integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) andsimultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), by investigatinga new multi-functional multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system integratingwireless sensing, communication, and powering. In this system, onemulti-antenna hybrid access point (H-AP) transmits wireless signals tocommunicate with one multi-antenna information decoding (ID) receiver,wirelessly charge one multi-antenna energy harvesting (EH) receiver, andperform radar sensing for a point target based on the echo signal at the sametime. Under this setup, we aim to reveal the fundamental performance tradeofflimits of sensing, communication, and powering, in terms of the estimationCram{\'e}r-Rao bound (CRB), achievable communication rate, and harvested energylevel, respectively. Towards this end, we define the achievable CRB-rate-energy(C-R-E) region and characterize its Pareto boundary by maximizing theachievable rate at the ID receiver, subject to the estimation CRB requirementfor target sensing, the harvested energy requirement at the EH receiver, andthe maximum transmit power constraint at the H-AP. We obtain thesemi-closed-form optimal transmit covariance solution to the formulated problemby applying advanced convex optimization techniques. Numerical results show theoptimal C-R-E region boundary achieved by our proposed design, as compared tothe benchmark scheme based on time switching.

Transmit Optimization for Multi-functional MIMO Systems Integrating Sensing, Communication, and Powering