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The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) can significantly improve transportationefficiency and ensure traffic safety. Authentication is regarded as thefundamental defense line against attacks in IoV. However, the state-of-the-artapproaches suffer from several drawbacks, including bottlenecks of the singlecloud server model, high computational overhead of operations, excessive trustin cloud servers and roadside units (RSUs), and leakage of vehicle trajectoryprivacy. In this paper, BEPHAP, a Blockchain-based Efficient Privacy-preservingHandover Authentication Protocol with key agreement for internet of vehicles,is introduced to address these problems. BEPHAP achieves anonymous cross-domainmutual handover authentication with key agreement based on the tamper-proofblockchain, symmetric cryptography, and the chameleon hash function under asecurity model that cloud servers and RSUs may launch attacks. BEPHAP isparticularly well suited for IoV since it allows vehicles only need to performlightweight cryptographic operations during the authentication phase. BEPHAPalso achieves data confidentiality, unlinkability, traceability,non-repudiation, non-frameability, and key escrow freeness. Formal verificationbased on ProVerif and formal security proofs based on the BAN logic indicatesthat BEPHAP is resistant to various typical attacks, such as man-in-the-middleattacks, impersonation attacks, and replay attacks. Performance analysisdemonstrates that BEPHAP surpasses existing works in both computation andcommunication efficiencies. And the message loss rate remains 0 at 5000requests per second, which meets the requirement of IoV.

BEPHAP: A Blockchain-Based Efficient Privacy-Preserving Handover Authentication Protocol with Key Agreement for Internet of Vehicles