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Clathrate hydrate is a naturally occurring ice-like solid which forms inwater phase under suitable temperature and pressure conditions, in the presenceof one or more hydrophobic molecules. It also forms inside the oil and gaspipes leading to higher pumping cost, flow blockage and even catastrophicaccidents. Engineered surfaces with low hydrate adhesion can provide aneffective solution to this problem. Liquid impregnated surfaces is one suchexample of engineered surfaces which has already shown tremendous potential inreducing the nucleation and adhesion of solids. Here we report the design andsynthesis of liquid impregnated surfaces with extremely low hydrate adhesionunder the mixed environment of oil and water. The most challenging aspect ofdesigning these surfaces was to stabilize a lubricant layer simultaneouslyunder the water and oil. A detailed methodology to make such lubricant stablesurfaces from theoretical perspective was described and experimentallyvalidated for lubricant stability. Experimental measurements on such surfacesshowed extremely low hydrate accumulation and one order of magnitude or morereduction in hydrate adhesion force.

Design of Liquid Impregnated Surface with Stable Lubricant layer in Mixed Water/Oil Environment for Low Hydrate Adhesion