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GitHub Copilot is an artificial intelligence model for automaticallygenerating source code from natural language problem descriptions. Since June2022, Copilot has officially been available for free to all students as aplug-in to development environments like Visual Studio Code. Prior workexploring OpenAI Codex, the underlying model that powers Copilot, has shown itperforms well on typical CS1 problems thus raising concerns about the impact itwill have on how introductory programming courses are taught. However, littleis known about the types of problems for which Copilot does not perform well,or about the natural language interactions that a student might have withCopilot when resolving errors. We explore these questions by evaluating theperformance of Copilot on a publicly available dataset of 166 programmingproblems. We find that it successfully solves around half of these problems onits very first attempt, and that it solves 60\% of the remaining problems usingonly natural language changes to the problem description. We argue that thistype of prompt engineering, which we believe will become a standard interactionbetween human and Copilot when it initially fails, is a potentially usefullearning activity that promotes computational thinking skills, and is likely tochange the nature of code writing skill development.

Conversing with Copilot: Exploring Prompt Engineering for Solving CS1 Problems Using Natural Language