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We consider the problem of program clone search, i.e. given a target programand a repository of known programs (all in executable format), the goal is tofind the program in the repository most similar to the target program - withpotential applications in terms of reverse engineering, program clustering,malware lineage and software theft detection. Recent years have witnessed ablooming in code similarity techniques, yet most of them focus onfunction-level similarity and function clone search, while we are interested inprogram-level similarity and program clone search. Actually, our study showsthat prior similarity approaches are either too slow to handle large programrepositories, or not precise enough, or yet not robust against slightvariations introduced by compilers, source code versions or light obfuscations.We propose a novel spectral analysis method for program-level similarity andprogram clone search called Programs Spectral Similarity (PSS). In a nutshell,PSS one-time spectral feature extraction is tailored for large repositories,making it a perfect fit for program clone search. We have compared thedifferent approaches with extensive benchmarks, showing that PSS reaches asweet spot in terms of precision, speed and robustness.

Scalable Program Clone Search Through Spectral Analysis