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Some icy moons and small bodies in the solar system are believed to hostsubsurface liquid water oceans. The interaction of these saline, electricallyconductive oceans with time-varying external magnetic fields generates inducedmagnetic fields. Magnetometry observations of these induced fields in turnenable the detection and characterization of these oceans. We present aframework for characterizing the interiors of icy moons using multi-frequencyinduction and Bayesian inference applied to magnetometry measurementsanticipated from the upcoming Europa Clipper mission. Using simulated data fromthe Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM), our approach can accurately retrieve awide range of plausible internal structures for Europa. In particular, theocean conductivity is recovered to within ${\pm}50\%$ for all internalstructure scenarios considered and the ocean thickness can be retrieved towithin ${\pm}25~\mathrm{km}$ for five out of seven scenarios. Characterizationof the ice shell thickness to ${\pm}50\%$ is possible for six of sevenscenarios. Our recovery of the ice shell thickness is highly contingent onaccurate modeling of magnetic fields arising from the interaction of Europawith the ambient magnetospheric plasma, while the ocean thickness is moremodestly affected and the ocean conductivity retrieval is largely unchanged.Furthermore, we find that the addition of a priori constraints (e.g., staticgravity measurements) can yield improved ocean characterization compared tomagnetometry alone, suggesting that multi-instrument techniques can play a keyrole in revealing the interiors of Europa and other ocean worlds.

Revealing the interior structure of icy moons with a Bayesian approach to magnetic induction measurements