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This paper studies heat fluxes from contributors and mitigators of urban heatislands using thermal images and weather data. Thermal images were collectedfrom an observatory operating on the rooftop of a building between November2021 and April 2022. Over the same period, an automatic weather station networkwas used to measure weather conditions at several locations on a universitycampus in Singapore. From data collected by the observatory and the automaticweather station network, a method was developed to estimate the heat emitted bybuilding facades, vegetation, and traffic. Before performing the analysis ofurban heat fluxes, it was observed that the surface temperature collected fromthe observatory is sensitive to some variables. After the sensitivity analysis,thermal images were calibrated against measurements of the surface temperaturein an outdoor environment. Finally, several contributors and mitigators ofurban heat islands were analyzed from heat fluxes assessed with thermal imagesand weather data. According to thermal images collected by the rooftopobservatory, concrete walls are an important contributor to urban heat islandsdue to the longwave radiation they emit at night. Vegetation, on the otherhand, seems to be an effective mitigator because of latent heat fluxesgenerated by evapotranspiration. Traffic looks to be a negligible source ofheat if considered over a small portion of a road. In the future, more effortscan be made to estimate the magnitude of the heat released by anair-conditioning system from thermal images.

InfraRed Investigation in Singapore (IRIS) Observatory: Urban heat  island contributors and mitigators analysis using neighborhood-scale thermal  imaging